Which of the Following Is Not an Example of Fine Art? Maps Photographs Paintings Sculptures

Art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such every bit painting, cartoon, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many creative disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts also involve aspects of visual arts as well as arts of other types. Besides included within the visual arts^[ane] are the applied arts^[2] such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior pattern and decorative fine art.^[iii]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art besides as the applied or decorative craft, just this was non always the case. Before the Craft Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'creative person' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. The stardom was emphasized past artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as loftier forms.^[4] Art schools fabricated a distinction betwixt the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser caste sculpture, higher up other arts has been a feature of Western fine art likewise as East Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest caste on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western bureaucracy of genres reflected similar attitudes.

Education and training [edit]

Grooming in the visual arts has more often than not been through variations of the amateur and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance motion to increment the prestige of the creative person led to the academy organization for training artists, and today well-nigh of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in almost education systems.^{[5] [half-dozen]}

Drawing [edit]

Cartoon is a means of making an image, illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques bachelor online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure level from a tool, or moving a tool beyond a surface using dry out media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in cartoon are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Drawing and painting goes back tens of thousands of years. Fine art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art beginning betwixt near 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are constitute in areas such as Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Commonwealth of australia.

In aboriginal Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the man form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC.^[8]

With paper becoming mutual in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such equally Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an fine art in its own correct rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture.^[nine]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a bounden amanuensis (a glue) to a surface (back up) such as paper, canvas or a wall. Nonetheless, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition, or other aesthetic considerations in club to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the homo trunk itself.^[10]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like cartoon, painting has its documented origins in caves and on stone faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of reddish, chocolate-brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of human figures can exist plant in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses Ii, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their piece of work has been lost. One of the all-time remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another instance is mosaic of the Boxing of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman fine art contributed to Byzantine fine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Eye Ages, the side by side significant contribution to European art was from Italy'south renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the outset of the 16th century, this was the richest menstruation in Italian art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe besides were influenced past the Italian schoolhouse. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Frg are among the virtually successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to attain depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Bizarre [edit]

The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the belatedly 16th century to the tardily 17th century. Chief artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and besides painted a serial for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[14]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose clan of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to pigment realistic scenes of modern life exterior rather than in the studio. This was accomplished through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense colour vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and brusque castor strokes. The motion influenced art equally a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists heart.^{[15] [16]}

Post-impressionism [edit]

Towards the end of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a phase further, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to describe emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of item note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his vivid paintings of nighttime life in the Paris commune of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a outcome of Munch's influence, the German expressionist motion originated in Deutschland at the beginning of the 20th century equally artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to misconstrue reality for an emotional upshot.

In parallel, the style known as cubism adult in France equally artists focused on the book and infinite of precipitous structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken upwardly, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted class. By the 1920s, the fashion had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[18]

Printmaking [edit]

Aboriginal Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is so transferred to a ii-dimensional (flat) surface past means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the instance of a monotype, the same matrix tin can exist used to produce many examples of the impress.

Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) simply there are many others, including modern digital techniques. Unremarkably, the print is printed on paper, but other mediums range from material and vellum to more modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known as old chief prints. In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for main prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the commencement to employ cross-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the condition of the single-foliage woodcut.^[19]

Chinese origin and practice [edit]

In China, the art of printmaking developed some ane,100 years ago equally illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for press on paper. Initially images were mainly religious only in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and creative engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Nihon 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock printing in Nihon (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique all-time known for its use in the ukiyo-eastward creative genre; still, information technology was also used very widely for press illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in Communist china for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the Edo menstruation (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of bright color, glazes and color transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of lite. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known every bit cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("calorie-free"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together significant "drawing with lite" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the production of photography has been called a photo. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also phone call them pictures. In digital photography, the term paradigm has begun to replace photograph. (The term image is traditional in geometric eyes.)

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is the process and the production of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or whatever other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of fine art. Historical civilizations are frequently identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The primeval surviving written work on the discipline of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a adept edifice should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, normally known past the original translation – compactness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

1. Durability – a building should stand up up robustly and remain in good condition.
2. Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
3. Dazzler – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available edifice materials and attendant skills). As human cultures adult and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the almost highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-picture, from an initial conception and inquiry, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes equally well.

Estimator art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional Visual arts media. Computers have been used every bit an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the final rendering or printing (including 3D printing). Computer art is any in which computers played a part in production or display. Such art tin can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, functioning or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, as a outcome, the lines betwixt traditional works of art and new media works created using computers take been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As a outcome, defining computer fine art past its terminate product tin can be difficult. Nevertheless, this blazon of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to show its legitimacy as a class unto itself and this engineering is widely seen in contemporary art more than every bit a tool rather than a course as with painting. On the other manus, at that place are estimator-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social bear on, as an object of inquiry.

Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photo editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled epitome developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may get animators. Handicraft may be reckoner-aided or use calculator-generated imagery as a template. Computer clip fine art usage has as well made the clear distinction betwixt visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the like shooting fish in a barrel access and editing of clip art in the process of paginating a certificate, peculiarly to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve concrete manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that can exist carved or shaped, such as rock or forest, concrete or steel, accept besides been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation.^{[ citation needed ]} This utilise of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian'southward use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic fabric, sound, or text and or light, unremarkably stone (either rock or marble), clay, metal, drinking glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created direct by finding or carving; others are assembled, congenital together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Considering sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered ane of the plastic arts. The bulk of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden. Sculptors exercise not always make sculptures past hand. With increasing engineering in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more than sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more circuitous sculptures out of material like cement, metal and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can too exist made with 3-d printing engineering.

U.s.a. copyright definition of visual fine art [edit]

In the The states, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art".^[25]

A "work of visual art" is —
(1) a painting, drawing, impress or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a express edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the instance of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the writer and carry the signature or other identifying mark of the writer; or
(2) a nonetheless photographic image produced for exhibition purposes merely, existing in a unmarried copy that is signed by the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.

A work of visual art does not include —
(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, nautical chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied fine art, movement moving picture or other audiovisual piece of work, book, magazine, newspaper, journal, data base, electronic data service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (2) any merchandising item or advertizing, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
  (iii) any portion or office of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any work made for hire; or
(C) any work not subject to copyright protection under this title.

See also [edit]

• Art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing creative work
• Décollage
• Environmental art
• Plant object
• Graffiti
• History of art
• Illustration
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Landscape art
• Mathematics and art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Procedure art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (drawing)
• Sound art
• Vexillography
• Video fine art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual impairment in art
• Visual verse

References [edit]

1. ^ An About.com article past art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art?
2. ^ Different Forms of Art – Applied Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
3. ^ "Eye for Arts and Blueprint in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. fifteen February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
4. ^ Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Broad Arts Resource Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Annal. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The artistic training in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Creativity. nineteen: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and pattern".
7. ^ "cartoon | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
9. ^ "Cartoon". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History World. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved xv October 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 October 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Modern Fine art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in People's republic of china. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 Oct 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Colour: Painted Sculpture of Classical Artifact 22 September 2007 Through 20 Jan 2008, The Arthur Thousand. Sackler Museum Archived iv January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ "Copyright Police force of the United States of America – Affiliate 1 (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, third ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. iv. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, Thousand. J. (1997). Betwixt the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. n.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. fourth ed. Dominican Commonwealth s.north.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. Five. (1976). The linguistic communication of movement: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. n.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: north.p.
• University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online dictionary of visual art terms.
• Calendar for Artists – agenda listing of visual art festivals.
• Art History Timeline past the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art.

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